1535 lines
73 KiB
HTML
1535 lines
73 KiB
HTML
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<meta content="Variables · Functions · Interpolation · Brace expansions · Loops · Conditional execution · Command substitution · One-page guide to Bash scripting" name="description">
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<li class="twitter link hint--bottom" data-hint="Share on Twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=The%20ultimate%20cheatsheet%20for%20Bash%20scripting.%20https://devhints.io/bash.html" target="share"><span class="text"></span></a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class='page-actions'>
|
||
<li class='link github -button hint--bottom' data-hint='Edit this page on GitHub'>
|
||
<a href='https://github.com/rstacruz/cheatsheets/blob/master/bash.md'>
|
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<span class='text -visible'>Edit</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class='body-area'>
|
||
<header class='main-heading -center' role='banner'>
|
||
<h1 class='h1'>Bash scripting <em>cheatsheet</em></h1>
|
||
|
||
<div class='pubbox' data-js-no-preview>
|
||
|
||
<div class='HeadlinePub' role='complementary'>
|
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<script async src='https://pubsrv.devhints.io/carbon.js?serve=CE7IK5QM&placement=devhintsio&cd=pubsrv.devhints.io/s' id="_carbonads_js"></script>
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<span class='placeholder -one'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -two'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -three'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -four'></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<main class='post-content MarkdownBody' data-js-main-body data-js-anchors role='main'>
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="getting-started">Getting started</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="-intro" id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>This is a quick reference to getting started with Bash scripting.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/bash/">Learn bash in y minutes</a> <em>(learnxinyminutes.com)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashGuide">Bash Guide</a> <em>(mywiki.wooledge.org)</em></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="example">Example</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">#!/usr/bin/env bash
|
||
|
||
NAME="John"
|
||
echo "Hello $NAME!"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="variables">Variables</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">NAME="John"
|
||
echo $NAME
|
||
echo "$NAME"
|
||
echo "${NAME}!"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="string-quotes">String quotes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">NAME="John"
|
||
echo "Hi $NAME" #=> Hi John
|
||
echo 'Hi $NAME' #=> Hi $NAME
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="shell-execution">Shell execution</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">echo "I'm in $(pwd)"
|
||
echo "I'm in `pwd`"
|
||
# Same
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See <a href="http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/expansion/cmdsubst">Command substitution</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="conditional-execution">Conditional execution</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">git commit && git push
|
||
git commit || echo "Commit failed"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="functions-example">Functions</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">get_name() {
|
||
echo "John"
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
echo "You are $(get_name)"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="#functions">Functions</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="conditionals-example">Conditionals</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">if [[ -z "$string" ]]; then
|
||
echo "String is empty"
|
||
elif [[ -n "$string" ]]; then
|
||
echo "String is not empty"
|
||
fi
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="#conditionals">Conditionals</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="strict-mode">Strict mode</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">set -euo pipefail
|
||
IFS=$'\n\t'
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://redsymbol.net/articles/unofficial-bash-strict-mode/">Unofficial bash strict mode</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="brace-expansion">Brace expansion</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">echo {A,B}.js
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Expression</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>{A,B}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Same as <code>A B</code></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>{A,B}.js</code></td>
|
||
<td>Same as <code>A.js B.js</code></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>{1..5}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Same as <code>1 2 3 4 5</code></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/expansion/brace">Brace expansion</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="parameter-expansions">Parameter expansions</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="basics">Basics</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">name="John"
|
||
echo ${name}
|
||
echo ${name/J/j} #=> "john" (substitution)
|
||
echo ${name:0:2} #=> "Jo" (slicing)
|
||
echo ${name::2} #=> "Jo" (slicing)
|
||
echo ${name::-1} #=> "Joh" (slicing)
|
||
echo ${name:(-1)} #=> "n" (slicing from right)
|
||
echo ${name:(-2):1} #=> "h" (slicing from right)
|
||
echo ${food:-Cake} #=> $food or "Cake"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">length=2
|
||
echo ${name:0:length} #=> "Jo"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/pe">Parameter expansion</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">STR="/path/to/foo.cpp"
|
||
echo ${STR%.cpp} # /path/to/foo
|
||
echo ${STR%.cpp}.o # /path/to/foo.o
|
||
echo ${STR%/*} # /path/to
|
||
|
||
echo ${STR##*.} # cpp (extension)
|
||
echo ${STR##*/} # foo.cpp (basepath)
|
||
|
||
echo ${STR#*/} # path/to/foo.cpp
|
||
echo ${STR##*/} # foo.cpp
|
||
|
||
echo ${STR/foo/bar} # /path/to/bar.cpp
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">STR="Hello world"
|
||
echo ${STR:6:5} # "world"
|
||
echo ${STR: -5:5} # "world"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">SRC="/path/to/foo.cpp"
|
||
BASE=${SRC##*/} #=> "foo.cpp" (basepath)
|
||
DIR=${SRC%$BASE} #=> "/path/to/" (dirpath)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="substitution">Substitution</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Code</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO%suffix}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Remove suffix</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO#prefix}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Remove prefix</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO%%suffix}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Remove long suffix</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO##prefix}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Remove long prefix</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO/from/to}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Replace first match</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO//from/to}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Replace all</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO/%from/to}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Replace suffix</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO/#from/to}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Replace prefix</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="comments">Comments</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Single line comment
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">: '
|
||
This is a
|
||
multi line
|
||
comment
|
||
'
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="substrings">Substrings</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Expression</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO:0:3}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Substring <em>(position, length)</em></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO:(-3):3}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Substring from the right</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="length">Length</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Expression</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${#FOO}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Length of <code>$FOO</code></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="manipulation">Manipulation</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">STR="HELLO WORLD!"
|
||
echo ${STR,} #=> "hELLO WORLD!" (lowercase 1st letter)
|
||
echo ${STR,,} #=> "hello world!" (all lowercase)
|
||
|
||
STR="hello world!"
|
||
echo ${STR^} #=> "Hello world!" (uppercase 1st letter)
|
||
echo ${STR^^} #=> "HELLO WORLD!" (all uppercase)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="default-values">Default values</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Expression</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO:-val}</code></td>
|
||
<td><code>$FOO</code>, or <code>val</code> if unset (or null)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO:=val}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Set <code>$FOO</code> to <code>val</code> if unset (or null)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO:+val}</code></td>
|
||
<td><code>val</code> if <code>$FOO</code> is set (and not null)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>${FOO:?message}</code></td>
|
||
<td>Show error message and exit if <code>$FOO</code> is unset (or null)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p>Omitting the <code>:</code> removes the (non)nullity checks, e.g. <code>${FOO-val}</code> expands to <code>val</code> if unset otherwise <code>$FOO</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="loops">Loops</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="basic-for-loop">Basic for loop</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">for i in /etc/rc.*; do
|
||
echo $i
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="c-like-for-loop">C-like for loop</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">for ((i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i++)); do
|
||
echo $i
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="ranges">Ranges</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">for i in {1..5}; do
|
||
echo "Welcome $i"
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="with-step-size">With step size</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">for i in {5..50..5}; do
|
||
echo "Welcome $i"
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="reading-lines">Reading lines</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">cat file.txt | while read line; do
|
||
echo $line
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="forever">Forever</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">while true; do
|
||
···
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="functions">Functions</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="defining-functions">Defining functions</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">myfunc() {
|
||
echo "hello $1"
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Same as above (alternate syntax)
|
||
function myfunc() {
|
||
echo "hello $1"
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">myfunc "John"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="returning-values">Returning values</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">myfunc() {
|
||
local myresult='some value'
|
||
echo $myresult
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">result="$(myfunc)"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="raising-errors">Raising errors</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">myfunc() {
|
||
return 1
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">if myfunc; then
|
||
echo "success"
|
||
else
|
||
echo "failure"
|
||
fi
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="arguments">Arguments</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Expression</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>$#</code></td>
|
||
<td>Number of arguments</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>$*</code></td>
|
||
<td>All arguments</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>$@</code></td>
|
||
<td>All arguments, starting from first</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>$1</code></td>
|
||
<td>First argument</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>$_</code></td>
|
||
<td>Last argument of the previous command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p>See <a href="http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/shellvars#special_parameters_and_shell_variables">Special parameters</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="conditionals">Conditionals</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="conditions">Conditions</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Note that <code>[[</code> is actually a command/program that returns either <code>0</code> (true) or <code>1</code> (false). Any program that obeys the same logic (like all base utils, such as <code>grep(1)</code> or <code>ping(1)</code>) can be used as condition, see examples.</p>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Condition</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -z STRING ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Empty string</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -n STRING ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Not empty string</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ STRING == STRING ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Equal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ STRING != STRING ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Not Equal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ NUM -eq NUM ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Equal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ NUM -ne NUM ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Not equal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ NUM -lt NUM ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Less than</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ NUM -le NUM ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Less than or equal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ NUM -gt NUM ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Greater than</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ NUM -ge NUM ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Greater than or equal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ STRING =~ STRING ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Regexp</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>(( NUM < NUM ))</code></td>
|
||
<td>Numeric conditions</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="more-conditions">More conditions</h4>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Condition</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -o noclobber ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>If OPTIONNAME is enabled</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ ! EXPR ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Not</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ X && Y ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>And</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ X || Y ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Or</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="file-conditions">File conditions</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Condition</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -e FILE ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Exists</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -r FILE ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Readable</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -h FILE ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Symlink</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -d FILE ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Directory</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -w FILE ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Writable</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -s FILE ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Size is > 0 bytes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -f FILE ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>File</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ -x FILE ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Executable</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ FILE1 -nt FILE2 ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>1 is more recent than 2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ FILE1 -ot FILE2 ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>2 is more recent than 1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>[[ FILE1 -ef FILE2 ]]</code></td>
|
||
<td>Same files</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="example-1">Example</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash"># String
|
||
if [[ -z "$string" ]]; then
|
||
echo "String is empty"
|
||
elif [[ -n "$string" ]]; then
|
||
echo "String is not empty"
|
||
else
|
||
echo "This never happens"
|
||
fi
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Combinations
|
||
if [[ X && Y ]]; then
|
||
...
|
||
fi
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Equal
|
||
if [[ "$A" == "$B" ]]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Regex
|
||
if [[ "A" =~ . ]]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">if (( $a < $b )); then
|
||
echo "$a is smaller than $b"
|
||
fi
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">if [[ -e "file.txt" ]]; then
|
||
echo "file exists"
|
||
fi
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="arrays">Arrays</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="defining-arrays">Defining arrays</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">Fruits=('Apple' 'Banana' 'Orange')
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">Fruits[0]="Apple"
|
||
Fruits[1]="Banana"
|
||
Fruits[2]="Orange"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="working-with-arrays">Working with arrays</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">echo ${Fruits[0]} # Element #0
|
||
echo ${Fruits[-1]} # Last element
|
||
echo ${Fruits[@]} # All elements, space-separated
|
||
echo ${#Fruits[@]} # Number of elements
|
||
echo ${#Fruits} # String length of the 1st element
|
||
echo ${#Fruits[3]} # String length of the Nth element
|
||
echo ${Fruits[@]:3:2} # Range (from position 3, length 2)
|
||
echo ${!Fruits[@]} # Keys of all elements, space-separated
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="operations">Operations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}" "Watermelon") # Push
|
||
Fruits+=('Watermelon') # Also Push
|
||
Fruits=( ${Fruits[@]/Ap*/} ) # Remove by regex match
|
||
unset Fruits[2] # Remove one item
|
||
Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}") # Duplicate
|
||
Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}" "${Veggies[@]}") # Concatenate
|
||
lines=(`cat "logfile"`) # Read from file
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="iteration">Iteration</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">for i in "${arrayName[@]}"; do
|
||
echo $i
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="dictionaries">Dictionaries</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="defining">Defining</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">declare -A sounds
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">sounds[dog]="bark"
|
||
sounds[cow]="moo"
|
||
sounds[bird]="tweet"
|
||
sounds[wolf]="howl"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Declares <code>sound</code> as a Dictionary object (aka associative array).</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="working-with-dictionaries">Working with dictionaries</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">echo ${sounds[dog]} # Dog's sound
|
||
echo ${sounds[@]} # All values
|
||
echo ${!sounds[@]} # All keys
|
||
echo ${#sounds[@]} # Number of elements
|
||
unset sounds[dog] # Delete dog
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="iteration-1">Iteration</h3>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="iterate-over-values">Iterate over values</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">for val in "${sounds[@]}"; do
|
||
echo $val
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="iterate-over-keys">Iterate over keys</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">for key in "${!sounds[@]}"; do
|
||
echo $key
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="options">Options</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="options-1">Options</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">set -o noclobber # Avoid overlay files (echo "hi" > foo)
|
||
set -o errexit # Used to exit upon error, avoiding cascading errors
|
||
set -o pipefail # Unveils hidden failures
|
||
set -o nounset # Exposes unset variables
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="glob-options">Glob options</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">shopt -s nullglob # Non-matching globs are removed ('*.foo' => '')
|
||
shopt -s failglob # Non-matching globs throw errors
|
||
shopt -s nocaseglob # Case insensitive globs
|
||
shopt -s dotglob # Wildcards match dotfiles ("*.sh" => ".foo.sh")
|
||
shopt -s globstar # Allow ** for recursive matches ('lib/**/*.rb' => 'lib/a/b/c.rb')
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Set <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> as a colon-separated list of patterns to be removed from glob
|
||
matches.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="history">History</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="commands">Commands</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Command</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>history</code></td>
|
||
<td>Show history</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>shopt -s histverify</code></td>
|
||
<td>Don’t execute expanded result immediately</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="expansions">Expansions</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Expression</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!$</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand last parameter of most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!*</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand all parameters of most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!-n</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand <code>n</code>th most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!n</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand <code>n</code>th command in history</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!<command></code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand most recent invocation of command <code><command></code></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="operations-1">Operations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Code</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!!</code></td>
|
||
<td>Execute last command again</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!!:s/<FROM>/<TO>/</code></td>
|
||
<td>Replace first occurrence of <code><FROM></code> to <code><TO></code> in most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!!:gs/<FROM>/<TO>/</code></td>
|
||
<td>Replace all occurrences of <code><FROM></code> to <code><TO></code> in most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!$:t</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand only basename from last parameter of most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!$:h</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand only directory from last parameter of most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>!!</code> and <code>!$</code> can be replaced with any valid expansion.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="slices">Slices</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Code</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!!:n</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand only <code>n</code>th token from most recent command (command is <code>0</code>; first argument is <code>1</code>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!^</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand first argument from most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!$</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand last token from most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!!:n-m</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand range of tokens from most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>!!:n-$</code></td>
|
||
<td>Expand <code>n</code>th token to last from most recent command</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>!!</code> can be replaced with any valid expansion i.e. <code>!cat</code>, <code>!-2</code>, <code>!42</code>, etc.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="numeric-calculations">Numeric calculations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">$((a + 200)) # Add 200 to $a
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">$(($RANDOM%200)) # Random number 0..199
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="subshells">Subshells</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">(cd somedir; echo "I'm now in $PWD")
|
||
pwd # still in first directory
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="redirection">Redirection</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">python hello.py > output.txt # stdout to (file)
|
||
python hello.py >> output.txt # stdout to (file), append
|
||
python hello.py 2> error.log # stderr to (file)
|
||
python hello.py 2>&1 # stderr to stdout
|
||
python hello.py 2>/dev/null # stderr to (null)
|
||
python hello.py &>/dev/null # stdout and stderr to (null)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">python hello.py < foo.txt # feed foo.txt to stdin for python
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="inspecting-commands">Inspecting commands</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">command -V cd
|
||
#=> "cd is a function/alias/whatever"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="trap-errors">Trap errors</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">trap 'echo Error at about $LINENO' ERR
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>or</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">traperr() {
|
||
echo "ERROR: ${BASH_SOURCE[1]} at about ${BASH_LINENO[0]}"
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
set -o errtrace
|
||
trap traperr ERR
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="caseswitch">Case/switch</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">case "$1" in
|
||
start | up)
|
||
vagrant up
|
||
;;
|
||
|
||
*)
|
||
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|ssh}"
|
||
;;
|
||
esac
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="source-relative">Source relative</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">source "${0%/*}/../share/foo.sh"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="printf">printf</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">printf "Hello %s, I'm %s" Sven Olga
|
||
#=> "Hello Sven, I'm Olga
|
||
|
||
printf "1 + 1 = %d" 2
|
||
#=> "1 + 1 = 2"
|
||
|
||
printf "This is how you print a float: %f" 2
|
||
#=> "This is how you print a float: 2.000000"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="directory-of-script">Directory of script</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">DIR="${0%/*}"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="getting-options">Getting options</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">while [[ "$1" =~ ^- && ! "$1" == "--" ]]; do case $1 in
|
||
-V | --version )
|
||
echo $version
|
||
exit
|
||
;;
|
||
-s | --string )
|
||
shift; string=$1
|
||
;;
|
||
-f | --flag )
|
||
flag=1
|
||
;;
|
||
esac; shift; done
|
||
if [[ "$1" == '--' ]]; then shift; fi
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="heredoc">Heredoc</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-sh">cat <<END
|
||
hello world
|
||
END
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="reading-input">Reading input</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">echo -n "Proceed? [y/n]: "
|
||
read ans
|
||
echo $ans
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">read -n 1 ans # Just one character
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="special-variables">Special variables</h3>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Expression</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>$?</code></td>
|
||
<td>Exit status of last task</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>$!</code></td>
|
||
<td>PID of last background task</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>$$</code></td>
|
||
<td>PID of shell</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>$0</code></td>
|
||
<td>Filename of the shell script</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p>See <a href="http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/shellvars#special_parameters_and_shell_variables">Special parameters</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="go-to-previous-directory">Go to previous directory</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">pwd # /home/user/foo
|
||
cd bar/
|
||
pwd # /home/user/foo/bar
|
||
cd -
|
||
pwd # /home/user/foo
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="check-for-commands-result">Check for command’s result</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">if ping -c 1 google.com; then
|
||
echo "It appears you have a working internet connection"
|
||
fi
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="grep-check">Grep check</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">if grep -q 'foo' ~/.bash_history; then
|
||
echo "You appear to have typed 'foo' in the past"
|
||
fi
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-one-column" id="also-see">Also see</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
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<li><a href="http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/">Bash-hackers wiki</a> <em>(bash-hackers.org)</em></li>
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<li><a href="https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/bash/">Learn bash in y minutes</a> <em>(learnxinyminutes.com)</em></li>
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