1011 lines
63 KiB
HTML
1011 lines
63 KiB
HTML
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<li class='link github -button hint--bottom' data-hint='Edit this page on GitHub'>
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<a href='https://github.com/rstacruz/cheatsheets/blob/master/rails-models.md'>
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<span class='text -visible'>Edit</span>
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</a>
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</li>
|
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</ul>
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</div>
|
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|
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</div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class='body-area'>
|
||
<header class='main-heading -center' role='banner'>
|
||
<h1 class='h1'>Rails models <em>cheatsheet</em></h1>
|
||
|
||
<div class='pubbox' data-js-no-preview>
|
||
|
||
<div class='HeadlinePub' role='complementary'>
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<script async src='https://pubsrv.devhints.io/carbon.js?serve=CE7IK5QM&placement=devhintsio' id="_carbonads_js"></script>
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<span class='placeholder -two'></span>
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||
<span class='placeholder -three'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -four'></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<main class='post-content MarkdownBody' data-js-main-body data-js-anchors role='main'>
|
||
<h2 id="generating">Generating</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="generating-1">Generating</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code>$ rails g model User
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="using-models">Using models</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="query-methods">Query methods</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">items = Model
|
||
.where(first_name: 'Harvey')
|
||
.where('id = 3')
|
||
.where('id = ?', 3)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> .order(:title)
|
||
.order(title: :desc)
|
||
.order("title DESC")
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> .reorder(:title) # discards other .order's
|
||
.rewhere(...) # discards other .where's
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> .limit(2)
|
||
.offset(1)
|
||
.uniq
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://devdocs.io/rails/activerecord/querymethods">QueryMethods</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="advanced-query-methods">Advanced query methods</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">items = Model
|
||
.select(:id)
|
||
.select([:id, :name])
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> .group(:name) # GROUP BY name
|
||
.group('name AS grouped_name, age')
|
||
.having('SUM(price) > 30') # needs to be chained with .group
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> .includes(:user)
|
||
.includes(user: [:articles])
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> .references(:posts)
|
||
# aka: .where("posts.name = 'foo'").references(:posts)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="finder-methods">Finder methods</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item = Model.find(id)
|
||
item = Model.find_by_email(email)
|
||
item = Model.where(email: email).first
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">Model
|
||
.exists?(5)
|
||
.exists?(name: "David")
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> .first
|
||
.last
|
||
.find_nth(4, [offset])
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://devdocs.io/rails/activerecord/findermethods">FinderMethods</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="persistence">Persistence</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.new_record?
|
||
item.persisted?
|
||
item.destroyed?
|
||
|
||
item.serialize_hash
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.save
|
||
item.save! # Same as above, but raises an Exception
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.update name: 'John' # Saves immediately
|
||
item.update! name: 'John'
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.update_column :name, 'John' # skips validations and callbacks
|
||
item.update_columns name: 'John'
|
||
item.update_columns! name: 'John'
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.touch # updates :updated_at
|
||
item.touch :published_at
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.destroy
|
||
item.delete # skips callbacks
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">Model.create # Same an #new then #save
|
||
Model.create! # Same as above, but raises an Exception
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://devdocs.io/rails/activerecord/persistence">Persistence</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="attribute-assignment">Attribute Assignment</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.attributes # #<Hash>
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.attributes = { name: 'John' } # Merges attributes in. Doesn't save.
|
||
item.assign_attributes name: 'John' # Same as above
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://devdocs.io/rails/activerecord/attributeassignment">AttributeAssignment</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="dirty">Dirty</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.changed?
|
||
item.changed # ['name']
|
||
item.changed_attributes # { 'name' => 'Bob' } - original values
|
||
item.changes # { 'name' => ['Bob', 'Robert'] }
|
||
item.previous_changes # available after #save
|
||
item.restore_attributes
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.name = 'Robert'
|
||
item.name_was # 'Bob'
|
||
item.name_change # [ 'Bob', 'Robert' ]
|
||
item.name_changed? # true
|
||
item.name_changed?(from: 'Bob', to: 'Robert')
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://devdocs.io/rails/activemodel/dirty">Dirty</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="validations">Validations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">item.valid?
|
||
item.invalid?
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://devdocs.io/rails/activerecord/validations">Validations</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="calculations">Calculations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">Person.count
|
||
Person.count(:age) # counts non-nil's
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">Person.average(:age)
|
||
Person.maximum(:age)
|
||
Person.minimum(:age)
|
||
Person.sum('2 * age')
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">Person.calculate(:count, :all)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Advanced:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">Person.distinct.count
|
||
Person.group(:city).count
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://devdocs.io/rails/activerecord/calculations">Calculations</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="dynamic-attribute-based-finders">Dynamic attribute-based finders</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p class="-setup">Given a field called <code>name</code>:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># Returns one record
|
||
Person.find_by_name(name)
|
||
Person.find_last_by_name(name)
|
||
Person.find_or_create_by_name(name)
|
||
Person.find_or_initialize_by_name(name)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># Returns a list of records
|
||
Person.find_all_by_name(name)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># Add a bang to make it raise an exception
|
||
Person.find_by_name!(name)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># You may use `scoped` instead of `find`
|
||
Person.scoped_by_user_name
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="associations">Associations</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="associations-1">Associations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>belongs_to</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>has_one</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>has_many</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>has_many :through</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>has_one :through</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>has_and_belongs_to_many</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="has-many">Has many</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">belongs_to :parent, :foreign_key => 'parent_id' class_name: 'Folder'
|
||
has_many :folders, :foreign_key => 'parent_id', class_name: 'Folder'
|
||
|
||
has_many :comments, -> { order('posted_on DESC') }
|
||
has_many :comments, :include => :author
|
||
has_many :people, :class_name => "Person"
|
||
has_many :people, :conditions => "deleted = 0"
|
||
has_many :tracks, -> { order(:position) }
|
||
has_many :comments, :dependent => :nullify
|
||
has_many :comments, :dependent => :destroy
|
||
has_many :tags, :as => :taggable
|
||
has_many :reports, :readonly => true
|
||
has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions, class_name: "User", :source => :user
|
||
has_many :subscribers, :finder_sql =>
|
||
'SELECT DISTINCT people.* ' +
|
||
'FROM people p, post_subscriptions ps ' +
|
||
'WHERE ps.post_id = #{id} AND ps.person_id = p.id ' +
|
||
'ORDER BY p.first_name'
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="belongs-to">belongs to</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">belongs_to :author,
|
||
:dependent => :destroy # or :delete
|
||
|
||
:class_name => "Person"
|
||
:select => "*"
|
||
:counter_cache => true
|
||
:counter_cache => :custom_counter
|
||
:include => "Book"
|
||
:readonly => true
|
||
|
||
:conditions => 'published = true'
|
||
|
||
:touch => true
|
||
:touch => :authors_last_updated_at
|
||
|
||
:primary_key => "name"
|
||
:foreign_key => "author_name"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="many-to-many">Many-to-many</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p class="-setup">If you have a join model:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2,3"><code class="language-ruby">class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base
|
||
has_many :assignments
|
||
has_many :projects, :through => :assignments
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2,3"><code class="language-ruby">class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
|
||
has_many :assignments
|
||
has_many :programmers, :through => :assignments
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2,3"><code class="language-ruby">class Assignment
|
||
belongs_to :project
|
||
belongs_to :programmer
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="many-to-many-habtm">Many-to-many (HABTM)</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
|
||
has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :include => [ :milestones, :manager ]
|
||
has_and_belongs_to_many :nations, :class_name => "Country"
|
||
has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, :join_table => "prods_cats"
|
||
has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, :readonly => true
|
||
has_and_belongs_to_many :active_projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :delete_sql =>
|
||
"DELETE FROM developers_projects WHERE active=1 AND developer_id = #{id} AND project_id = #{record.id}"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="polymorphic-associations">Polymorphic associations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-ruby">class Post
|
||
has_many :attachments, as: :parent
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-ruby">class Image
|
||
belongs_to :parent, polymorphic: true
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>And in migrations:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-ruby">create_table :images do |t|
|
||
t.references :post, polymorphic: true
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="validation">Validation</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="validation-1">Validation</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre class="-setup"><code class="language-ruby">class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-ruby"> # Presence
|
||
validates :name, presence: true
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Acceptance
|
||
validates :terms, acceptance: true
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Confirm
|
||
validates :email, confirmation: true
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Unique
|
||
validates :slug, uniqueness: true
|
||
validates :slug, uniqueness: { case_sensitive: false }
|
||
validates :holiday, uniqueness: { scope: :year, message: 'yearly only' }
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Format
|
||
validates :code, format: /regex/
|
||
validates :code, format: { with: /regex/ }
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Length
|
||
validates :name, length: { minimum: 2 }
|
||
validates :bio, length: { maximum: 500 }
|
||
validates :password, length: { in: => 6..20 }
|
||
validates :number, length: { is: => 6 }
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Include/exclude
|
||
validates :gender, inclusion: %w(male female)
|
||
validates :gender, inclusion: { in: %w(male female) }
|
||
validates :lol, exclusion: %w(xyz)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Numeric
|
||
validates :points, numericality: true
|
||
validates :played, numericality: { only_integer: true }
|
||
# ... greater_than, greater_than_or_equal_to,
|
||
# ... less_than, less_than_or_equal_to
|
||
# ... odd, even, equal_to
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Validate the associated records to ensure they're valid as well
|
||
has_many :books
|
||
validates_associated :books
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Length (full options)
|
||
validates :content, length: {
|
||
minimum: 300,
|
||
maximum: 400,
|
||
tokenizer: lambda { |str| str.scan(/\w+/) },
|
||
too_short: "must have at least %{count} words",
|
||
too_long: "must have at most %{count} words" }
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Multiple
|
||
validates :login, :email, presence: true
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> # Conditional
|
||
validates :description, presence: true, if: :published?
|
||
validates :description, presence: true, if: lambda { |obj| .. }
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"> validates :title, presence: true, on: :save # :save | :create | :update
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre class="-setup"><code class="language-ruby">end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="custom-validations">Custom validations</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-ruby">class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
|
||
validate :foo_cant_be_nil
|
||
|
||
def foo_cant_be_nil
|
||
errors.add(:foo, 'cant be nil') if foo.nil?
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="errors">Errors</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">record.errors.valid? # → false
|
||
record.errors # → { :name => ["can't be blank"] }
|
||
record.errors.messages # → { :name => ["can't be blank"] }
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">record.errors[:name].any?
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="other-api">Other API</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="callbacks">Callbacks</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_validations_callbacks.html">Guides: callbacks</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="mass-updates">Mass updates</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># Updates person id 15
|
||
Person.update 15, name: "John", age: 24
|
||
Person.update [1,2], [{name: "John"}, {name: "foo"}]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="joining">Joining</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># Basic joins
|
||
Student.joins(:schools).where(schools: { type: 'public' })
|
||
Student.joins(:schools).where('schools.type' => 'public' )
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># Multiple associations
|
||
Article.joins(:category, :comments)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># Nested associations
|
||
Article.joins(comments: :guest)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># SQL
|
||
Author.joins(
|
||
'INNER JOIN posts ' +
|
||
'ON posts.author_id = authors.id ' +
|
||
'AND posts.published = "t"'
|
||
)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="where-interpolation">Where interpolation</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">where('name = ?', 'John')
|
||
where(['name = :name', { name: 'John' }])
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="serialize">Serialize</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-ruby">class User < ActiveRecord::Base
|
||
serialize :preferences
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">user = User.create(
|
||
preferences: {
|
||
'background' => 'black',
|
||
'display' => 'large'
|
||
}
|
||
)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>You can also specify a class option as the second parameter that’ll raise an
|
||
exception if a serialized object is retrieved as a descendant of a class not in
|
||
the hierarchy.</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="3"><code class="language-ruby"># Only Hash allowed!
|
||
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
|
||
serialize :preferences, Hash
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># Reading it raises SerializationTypeMismatch
|
||
user = User.create(preferences: %w(one two three))
|
||
User.find(user.id).preferences
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="other-tricks">Other tricks</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="overriding-accessors">Overriding accessors</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="4,8"><code class="language-ruby">class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
|
||
# Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song
|
||
|
||
def length=(minutes)
|
||
write_attribute(:length, minutes.to_i * 60)
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def length
|
||
read_attribute(:length) / 60
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html">http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="callbacks-1">Callbacks</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>after_initialize</li>
|
||
<li>before_validation / after_validation</li>
|
||
<li>before_save / after_save / around_save</li>
|
||
<li>before_create / after_create / around_create</li>
|
||
<li>before_update / after_update / around_update</li>
|
||
<li>before_destroy / after_destroy / around_destroy</li>
|
||
<li>after_commit</li>
|
||
<li>after_rollback</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_callbacks.html">ActiveRecord Callbacks</a></p>
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