1808 lines
89 KiB
HTML
1808 lines
89 KiB
HTML
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<li class="twitter link hint--bottom" data-hint="Share on Twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=The%20ultimate%20cheatsheet%20for%20Goby.%20https://devhints.io/goby.html" target="share"><span class="text"></span></a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class='page-actions'>
|
||
<li class='link github -button hint--bottom' data-hint='Edit this page on GitHub'>
|
||
<a href='https://github.com/rstacruz/cheatsheets/blob/master/goby.md'>
|
||
<span class='text -visible'>Edit</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class='body-area'>
|
||
<header class='main-heading -center' role='banner'>
|
||
<h1 class='h1'>Goby <em>cheatsheet</em></h1>
|
||
|
||
<div class='pubbox' data-js-no-preview>
|
||
|
||
<div class='HeadlinePub' role='complementary'>
|
||
<script async src='https://pubsrv.devhints.io/carbon.js?serve=CE7IK5QM&placement=devhintsio' id="_carbonads_js"></script>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -one'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -two'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -three'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -four'></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class='intro-content MarkdownBody'>
|
||
<p>Goby’s language design is based on Ruby language’s, slim and shaped up. Differences in syntax between them is very small.</p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<main class='post-content MarkdownBody' data-js-main-body data-js-anchors role='main'>
|
||
<h2 id="getting-started">Getting started</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="-prime" id="hello-world">Hello world</h3>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="-file" id="hellogb">hello.gb</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">class Greet
|
||
attr_accessor :audience, :head, :tail
|
||
|
||
def initialize
|
||
@head = "Hello, "
|
||
@tail = "!"
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def name
|
||
audience.name
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def say
|
||
puts head + name + tail
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
module MyName
|
||
attr_reader :name
|
||
|
||
def initialize
|
||
@name = self.class.to_s
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
class World
|
||
include MyName
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
greet = Greet.new
|
||
greet.audience = World.new
|
||
greet.say
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Then run:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">$ goby hello.gb
|
||
#=> Hello, World!
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="repl-igb">REPL (igb)</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">$ goby -i
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>reset</code>: reset the VM</li>
|
||
<li><code>exit</code>: exit REPL</li>
|
||
<li><code>help</code>: show help</li>
|
||
<li>ctrl-c: cancel the block entered, or exit (on top level)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/goby-lang/goby/blob/master/igb/manual_test.md">igb manual & test script</a>. You can use <code>readline</code> features such as command history by arrow keys.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="variables">Variables</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="local-variable">Local variable</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">zip101 = "233-7383"
|
||
magic_number = 42
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Should be “<code>[a-z][a-z0-9_]+</code>“(snake_case).</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="instance-variable">Instance variable</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">module State
|
||
def initialize(state)
|
||
@state = state # declaring an instance variable by assignment
|
||
end
|
||
def show
|
||
@state # accessible from other instance methods
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
state = State.new "success"
|
||
state.show
|
||
#=> success
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Should be “<code>@[a-z][a-z0-9_]+</code>“(snake_case).</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="multiple-assignment">Multiple assignment</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># array literal
|
||
a, b, c = [1, 2, 3]
|
||
|
||
# array with '*'
|
||
a = [1, 2, 3]
|
||
x, y, z = *a
|
||
|
||
# array literal with '*'
|
||
a, b, c = *[1, 2, 3]
|
||
|
||
# bare assignment: unsupported
|
||
a, b, c = 1, 2, 3 #=> unexpected 3 Line: 0
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="black-hole-variable">Black hole variable</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># '_' is write-only
|
||
a, _ = [1, 2]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="class-variable">Class variable</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Unsupported.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="global-variable">Global variable</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Unsupported.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="method-definition">Method definition</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="method-definition-and-calling">Method definition and calling</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo_bar?(baz)
|
||
if baz == "Hi, Goby!"
|
||
true
|
||
else
|
||
false
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
foo_bar? "Hi, Goby!" #=> true
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Method name should be “<code>[a-z][a-z0-9_]+\??</code>” (snake_case). You can omit the trailing “<code>()</code>” only if no parameters are taken. Trailing using “<code>!</code>” is <strong>unsupported</strong>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="order-of-method-parameter">Order of method parameter</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo(normal, default="value", hash={}, ary=[], keyword:, keyword_default:"key", *sprat)
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>If a default value is provided to a parameter, the parameter can be omitted when calling. <code>()</code> can be omitted. The order of parameters in method definition is restricted as follows:</p>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>normal parameters</strong> (like <code>a</code>)</li>
|
||
<li><strong>normal parameters with default value</strong> (like <code>a=1</code>)</li>
|
||
<li><strong>optional parameters</strong> (array or hash, like <code>ary=[]</code> or <code>hs={}</code>)</li>
|
||
<li><strong>keyword parameters</strong> (like <code>kwd:</code>)</li>
|
||
<li><strong>keyword parameters with default value</strong> (like <code>kwd: 1</code> or <code>ary: [1,2,3]</code> or <code>hsh: {key: "value"}</code>)</li>
|
||
<li><strong>splat parameters</strong> (like <code>*sp</code>)</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<p>Or you will receive an error.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="keyword-parameter-wip">Keyword parameter (WIP)</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo(process:, verb: :GET, opt:{ csp: :enabled }, ary: [1, 2, 3])
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="returning-value">Returning value</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">PI = 3.14
|
||
def area(radius)
|
||
radius * PI # returns the result of evaluation
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
area 6 #=> 18.84
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="returning-multiple-value">Returning multiple value</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def my_array
|
||
[1, 2, 3]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
my_array #=> [1, 2, 3]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="instance-method">Instance method</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">module Foo
|
||
def bar # defining instance method
|
||
puts "bar"
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def baz(count, email: "goby@example.com")
|
||
count.times do
|
||
puts email
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
foo = Foo.new
|
||
foo.bar #=> bar
|
||
foo.baz(3) #↓
|
||
goby@example.com
|
||
goby@example.com
|
||
goby@example.com
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="singleton-method-1">Singleton method #1</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">str = "Goby"
|
||
def str.foo #1 singleton method on the object
|
||
self * 2
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
str.foo
|
||
#=> GobyGoby
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="singleton-method-2">Singleton method #2</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">module Foo
|
||
def self.bar #2 singleton method with `self.`
|
||
92
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="singleton-method-3">Singleton method #3</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">module Foo
|
||
def Foo.bar #3 singleton method with a class name (unrecommended)
|
||
88
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="singleton-method-4">Singleton method #4</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">module Foo end
|
||
|
||
def Foo.bar #4 singleton methods outside the Foo
|
||
9999
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
Foo.bar #=> 9999
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="attribute-accessor-method">Attribute accessor method</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">class Foo
|
||
attr_accessor :bar, :baz
|
||
|
||
def initialize
|
||
@bar = 42
|
||
@baz = 99
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
foo = Foo.new
|
||
|
||
foo.bar = 77
|
||
foo.baz = 88
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>You can use the following shorthands to declare attribute accessor methods in classes/modules:</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>attr_accessor</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>attr_reader</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>attr_writer</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="private-method-to-be-implemented">Private method (to be implemented)</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">class Foo
|
||
def bar
|
||
42
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def _baz # leading '_' means private method
|
||
99
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="moduleclass-definition">Module/Class definition</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="module-definition-and-include">Module definition and <code>include</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">module Foo
|
||
def foo
|
||
"Foo's instance method"
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
class Bar
|
||
include Foo # to include Foo
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
Bar.new.foo #=> Foo's instance method
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Module names should be “<code>[A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+</code>” (UpperCamelCase). Modules cannot be inherited.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="module-definition-and-extend">Module definition and <code>extend</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">module Foo
|
||
def foo
|
||
"Foo's instance method will be a singleton method"
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
class Bar
|
||
extend Foo # to extend Foo
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
Bar.foo #=> Foo's instance method will be a singleton method
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>extend</code> is to use the instance methods in the specified modules as <strong>singleton methods</strong> in your class or module.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="module-instantiation">Module instantiation</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">module Foo #module definition
|
||
def foo
|
||
99
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
Foo.new.foo #=> 99
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Actually, Goby’s module can be even <strong>instantiated</strong> via “<code>new</code>” like “<code>Foo.new</code>”.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="class-definition-and-inheritance">Class definition and inheritance</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">class Foo # class definition
|
||
def bar
|
||
99
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
class Baz < Foo # inheritance
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
Baz.new.bar #=> 99
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Class names should be “<code>[A-Z][A-Za-z0-9]+</code>” (UpperCamelCase). Inheritance with “<code><</code>” is supported.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="constants">Constants</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">HTTP_ERROR_404 = 404
|
||
HTTP_ERROR_404 = 500 # error
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Constants should be “<code>[A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+</code>” (UPPER_SNAKECASE). Constants are <strong>not reentrant</strong> and the scope is <strong>global</strong>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="redefining-classmodules">Redefining class/modules</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">class Foo
|
||
def bar
|
||
99
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
class Foo
|
||
def bar # redefining is possible
|
||
77
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="namespaces">Namespaces</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">class Foo
|
||
module Bar
|
||
MAGIC = 99
|
||
def baz
|
||
99
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
Foo::Bar.new.baz # Use '::' for namespacing
|
||
Foo::Bar::MAGIC # Use '::' for namespacing
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="load-library">Load library</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="require"><code>require</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">require("uri") # to activate URL class
|
||
|
||
u = URI.parse("http://example.com")
|
||
u.scheme #=> "http"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="require_relative"><code>require_relative</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">require_relative("bar") # loading the local bar.gb
|
||
|
||
class Foo
|
||
def self.bar(x)
|
||
Bar.foo do |ten|
|
||
x * ten
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def self.baz
|
||
yield(100)
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="literal">Literal</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="keyword">Keyword</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>def</code>, <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>nil</code>, <code>if</code>, <code>elsif</code>, <code>else</code>, <code>case</code>, <code>when</code>, <code>return</code>, <code>self</code>, <code>end</code>, <code>while</code>, <code>do</code>, <code>yield</code>, <code>get_block</code>, <code>next</code>, <code>class</code>, <code>module</code>, <code>break</code></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="string-literal">String literal</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">"double quote"
|
||
'single quote'
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Double and single quotation can be used.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="symbol-literal">Symbol literal</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">:symbol # equivalent to "symbol"
|
||
{ symbol: "value" }
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Goby’s symbol (using <code>:</code>) is always <code>String</code> class.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="numeric-literal">Numeric literal</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">year = 2018 # Integer
|
||
offset = -42 # Integer
|
||
PI = 3.14 # Float
|
||
G = -9.8 # Float
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="array-literal">Array literal</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">[1, 2, 3, "hello", :goby, { key: "value"}]
|
||
[1, 2, [3, 4], 5, 6]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="hash-literal">Hash literal</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">h = { key: "value", key2: "value2" }
|
||
h[:key2] #=> value2
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Hash literal’s keys should always be <strong>symbol literals</strong>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="range-literal">Range literal</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">(1..10).each do |x| # '..' represents a range
|
||
puts x*x
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="boolean-and-nil">Boolean and <code>nil</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">true # Boolean class
|
||
false # Boolean class
|
||
nil # Null class
|
||
|
||
!nil #=> true
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Any objects except <code>nil</code> and <code>false</code> will be treated as <code>true</code> on conditionals.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="operator">Operator</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="arithmeticlogicalassignment-operators">Arithmetic/logical/assignment operators</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">+ # unary
|
||
** # power
|
||
- # unary
|
||
* / % # multiplication, division, modulus
|
||
+ - # addition, subtraction
|
||
! # logical inversion
|
||
> >= < <= # inequality comparison
|
||
== != # equality comparison, negative comparison
|
||
&& # logical AND
|
||
|| # logical OR
|
||
+= -= # shorthand of addition/subtraction
|
||
= # assignment
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>*Priority of operators are TBD</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="other-operators">Other operators</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">() # chaning priority of interpretation
|
||
[] # array literal
|
||
* # multiple assignment
|
||
.. # range
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>*Priority of operators are TBD</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="delimiter">Delimiter</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">class Foo; end # ';' to delimit
|
||
|
||
class Bar end # recommended
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="string-interpolation-to-be-implemented">String interpolation (to be implemented)</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">puts "Error: #{error_message}" # double quotation is required
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="comment">Comment</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">puts "Goby" # comments
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Use the annotations to keep the comments concise.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>TODO</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>FIXME</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>OPTIMIZE</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>HACK</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>REVIEW</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="io">I/O</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><code>#puts</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>special constants: <code>ARGV</code>, <code>STDIN</code>, <code>STDOUT</code>, <code>STDERR</code>, <code>ENV</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="flow-control">Flow control</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="if-else-elsif"><code>if</code>, <code>else</code>, <code>elsif</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo(str)
|
||
if str.size > 10
|
||
puts "too big!"
|
||
elsif str.size < 3
|
||
puts "too short!"
|
||
else
|
||
puts "moderate"
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>then</code> is <strong>not</strong> supported.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="break">Break</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo(tail)
|
||
(5..tail).each do |t|
|
||
if t % 2 == 0 && t % 5 == 0
|
||
puts "ouch!"
|
||
break # finish the block
|
||
else
|
||
puts t
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
puts "out of the block"
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
foo 20
|
||
#=> 5 6 7 8 9
|
||
#=> ouch!
|
||
#=> out of the block
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="case">Case</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo(str)
|
||
case str
|
||
when "Elf"
|
||
puts "You might be Aragorn II!"
|
||
when "Aragorn"
|
||
puts "Long time no see, Aragorn!"
|
||
when "Frodo", "Sam", "Gandalf"
|
||
puts "One of us!"
|
||
else
|
||
puts "You're not yourself"
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="while">While</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">decr = 10
|
||
while decr do
|
||
if decr < 1
|
||
break
|
||
end
|
||
puts decr
|
||
decr -= 1
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>while</code>, conditional and a <code>do</code>/<code>end</code> block can be used for a loop.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="rescue">Rescue</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Under construction. Join <a href="https://github.com/goby-lang/goby/issues/605">#605</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="block">Block</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="block-1">Block</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo(ary: [1, 2, 3])
|
||
ary.each do |s| # start of the block with |block variable|
|
||
puts s
|
||
end # end of the block
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>{ }</code> cannot be used for forming a block.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="yield"><code>yield</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo
|
||
yield(10) # executes the block given
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
foo do |ten|
|
||
ten + 20
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="block-object-and-call">Block object and <code>call</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">b = Block.new do
|
||
100
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
b.call #=> 100
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>Block.new</code> can take a block and then <code>call</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="passing-a-block">Passing a block</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def baz
|
||
1000
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
class Foo
|
||
def exec_block(block)
|
||
block.call
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def baz
|
||
100
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
b = Block.new do
|
||
baz
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
f = Foo.new
|
||
f.exec_block(b)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="passing-a-block-with-block-arguments">Passing a block with block arguments</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">b = Block.new do |arg, offset|
|
||
arg + 1000 - offset
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
b.call(49, 500) #=> 549
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="special-get_block-keyword">Special <code>get_block</code> keyword</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">def bar(block)
|
||
# runs the block object and the block arg simultaneously
|
||
block.call + get_block.call
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def foo
|
||
bar(get_block) do # passes two blocks to `bar`
|
||
20
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
foo do
|
||
10
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>get_block</code> is not a method but a <strong>keyword</strong> to retrive a given block argument as a block object. By this, you can pass around or <code>call</code> the given block arguments as block objects.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="closure">Closure</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">count = 0 # the declaration is used
|
||
b = Block.new do
|
||
count += 1 # the block looks preserving the `count`
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
class Foo
|
||
def bar(blk)
|
||
count = 9 # (does not affect)
|
||
puts blk.call # local variable is resolved to the one above
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
Foo.new.bar b #=> 1
|
||
Foo.new.bar b #=> 2
|
||
Foo.new.bar b #=> 3
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="native-class-primary">Native class (Primary)</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Goby’s most “native” classes cannot instantiate with <code>new</code> in principle.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="object"><code>Object</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">Bar.ancestors
|
||
#» [Bar, Foo, Object]
|
||
Bar.singleton_class.ancestors
|
||
#» [#<Class:Bar>, #<Class:Object>, Class, Object]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>Object</code> is actually just for creating singleton classes. See <code>Class</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong><code>Object.methods</code></strong>: <code>!</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>block_given?</code>, <code>class</code>, <code>exit</code>, <code>instance_eval</code>, <code>instance_variable_get</code>, <code>instance_variable_set</code>, <code>is_a?</code>, <code>methods</code>, <code>nil?</code>, <code>object_id</code>, <code>puts</code>, <code>raise</code>, <code>require</code>, <code>require_relative</code>, <code>send</code>, <code>singleton_class</code>, <code>sleep</code>, <code>thread</code>, <code>to_s</code>, <code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>></code>, <code>>=</code>, <code>ancestors</code>, <code>attr_accessor</code>, <code>attr_reader</code>, <code>attr_writer</code>, <code>extend</code>, <code>include</code>, <code>name</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>superclass</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong><code>Object.new.methods</code></strong>: <code>!</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>block_given?</code>, <code>class</code>, <code>exit</code>, <code>instance_eval</code>, <code>instance_variable_get</code>, <code>instance_variable_set</code>, <code>is_a?</code>, <code>methods</code>, <code>nil?</code>, <code>object_id</code>, <code>puts</code>, <code>raise</code>, <code>require</code>, <code>require_relative</code>, <code>send</code>, <code>singleton_class</code>, <code>sleep</code>, <code>thread</code>, <code>to_s</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="class"><code>Class</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">String.ancestors #=> [String, Object]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>Class</code> and <code>Object</code>can actually be regarded as the same and you don’t need to distinguish them in almost all the cases.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Class.methods</code></strong>: <code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>></code>, <code>>=</code>, <code>ancestors</code>, <code>attr_accessor</code>, <code>attr_reader</code>, <code>attr_writer</code>, <code>extend</code>, <code>include</code>, <code>name</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>superclass</code>, <code>!</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>block_given?</code>, <code>class</code>, <code>exit</code>, <code>instance_eval</code>, <code>instance_variable_get</code>, <code>instance_variable_set</code>, <code>is_a?</code>, <code>methods</code>, <code>nil?</code>, <code>object_id</code>, <code>puts</code>, <code>raise</code>, <code>require</code>, <code>require_relative</code>, <code>send</code>, <code>singleton_class</code>, <code>sleep</code>, <code>thread</code>, <code>to_s</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="string"><code>String</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">puts "Hello" + ' ' + 'world' #=> Hello world
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Fixed to <strong>UTF-8</strong> with mb4 support.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>String.methods</code></strong>: <code>fmt</code>,
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>"a".methods</code></strong>: <code>!=</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>+</code>, <code><</code>, <code><=></code>, <code>==</code>, <code>=~</code>, <code>></code>, <code>[]</code>, <code>[]=</code>, <code>capitalize</code>, <code>chop</code>, <code>concat</code>, <code>count</code>, <code>delete</code>, <code>downcase</code>, <code>each_byte</code>, <code>each_char</code>, <code>each_line</code>, <code>empty?</code>, <code>end_with?</code>, <code>eql?</code>, <code>fmt</code>, <code>include?</code>, <code>insert</code>, <code>length</code>, <code>ljust</code>, <code>match</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>replace</code>, <code>replace_once</code>, <code>reverse</code>, <code>rjust</code>, <code>size</code>, <code>slice</code>, <code>split</code>, <code>start_with</code>, <code>strip</code>, <code>to_a</code>, <code>to_bytes</code>, <code>to_d</code>, <code>to_f</code>, <code>to_i</code>, <code>to_s</code>, <code>upcase</code>,
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="integer"><code>Integer</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">37037 * 27 #=> 999999
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Integer.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>1.methods</code></strong>: <code>!=</code>, <code>%</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>**</code>, <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>/</code>, <code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code><=></code>, <code>==</code>, <code>></code>, <code>>=</code>, <code>even?</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>next</code>, <code>odd?</code>, <code>pred</code>, <code>ptr</code>, <code>times</code>, <code>to_f</code>, <code>to_float32</code>, <code>to_float64</code>, <code>to_i</code>, <code>to_int</code>, <code>to_int16</code>, <code>to_int32</code>, <code>to_int64</code>, <code>to_int8</code>, <code>to_s</code>, <code>to_uint</code>, <code>to_uint16</code>, <code>to_uint32</code>, <code>to_uint64</code>, <code>to_uint8</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="array"><code>Array</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">[1, "2", :card, [4, 5], { john: "doe" }]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Array.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>[1].methods</code></strong>: <code>*</code>, <code>+</code>, <code>[]</code>, <code>[]=</code>, <code>any?</code>, <code>at</code>, <code>clear</code>, <code>concat</code>, <code>count</code>, <code>delete_at</code>, <code>dig</code>, <code>each</code>, <code>each_index</code>, <code>empty?</code>, <code>first</code>, <code>flatten</code>, <code>include?</code>, <code>join</code>, <code>last</code>, <code>lazy</code>, <code>length</code>, <code>map</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>pop</code>, <code>push</code>, <code>reduce</code>, <code>reverse</code>, <code>reverse_each</code>, <code>rotate</code>, <code>select</code>, <code>shift</code>, <code>to_enum</code>, <code>unshift</code>, <code>values_at</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="hash"><code>Hash</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">h = { key: "value" }
|
||
h = { "key": "value" } #=> error
|
||
|
||
h["key"] #=> value
|
||
h[:key] #=> value
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Keys in hash literals should be <strong>symbol literals</strong>, while Hash index can be either string or symbol literals.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Hash.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>{ key: "value" }.methods</code></strong>: <code>[]</code>, <code>[]=</code>, <code>any?</code>, <code>clear</code>, <code>default</code>, <code>default=</code>, <code>delete</code>, <code>delete_if</code>, <code>dig</code>, <code>each</code>, <code>each_key</code>, <code>each_value</code>, <code>empty?</code>, <code>eql?</code>, <code>fetch</code>, <code>fetch_values</code>, <code>has_key?</code>, <code>has_value?</code>, <code>keys</code>, <code>length</code>, <code>map_values</code>, <code>merge</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>select</code>, <code>sorted_keys</code>, <code>to_a</code>, <code>to_json</code>, <code>to_s</code>, <code>transform_values</code>, <code>values</code>, <code>values_at</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="range"><code>Range</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">(1..10).each do |i|
|
||
puts i ** 2
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Range.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>(1..10).methods</code></strong>: <code>!=</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>bsearch</code>, <code>each</code>, <code>first</code>, <code>include?</code>, <code>last</code>, <code>lazy</code>, <code>map</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>size</code>, <code>step</code>, <code>to_a</code>, <code>to_enum</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="block-2"><code>Block</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">b = Block.new do
|
||
100
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
b.call #=> 100
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Block.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>(Block.new do end).methods</code></strong>: <code>call</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="native-class-secondary">Native class (secondary)</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="float"><code>Float</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">1.1 + 1.1 # => -2.2
|
||
2.1 * -2.1 # => -4.41
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Float literals like <code>3.14</code> or <code>-273.15</code>. <code>Float</code> class is based on Golang’s <code>float64</code> type.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Float.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>3.14.methods</code></strong>: <code>!=</code>, <code>%</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>**</code>, <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>/</code>, <code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code><=></code>, <code>==</code>, <code>></code>, <code>>=</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>ptr</code>, <code>to_d</code>, <code>to_i</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="decimal"><code>Decimal</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">"3.14".to_d # => 3.14
|
||
"-0.7238943".to_d # => -0.7238943
|
||
"355/113".to_d
|
||
# => 3.1415929203539823008849557522123893805309734513274336283185840
|
||
|
||
a = "16.1".to_d
|
||
b = "1.1".to_d
|
||
e = "17.2".to_d
|
||
a + b # => 0.1
|
||
a + b == e # => true
|
||
|
||
('16.1'.to_d + "1.1".to_d).to_s #=> 17.2
|
||
('16.1'.to_f + "1.1".to_f).to_s #=> 17.200000000000003
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Experimental: the size is arbitrary and internally a fraction from Golang’s <code>big.Rat</code> type. Decimal literal is TBD for now and you can get <code>Decimal</code> number via <code>to_d</code> method from <code>Integer</code>/<code>Float</code>/<code>String</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Decimal.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>(1.1).to_d.methods</code></strong>: <code>!=</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>**</code>, <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>/</code>, <code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code><=></code>, <code>==</code>, <code>></code>, <code>>=</code>, <code>denominator</code>, <code>fraction</code>, <code>inverse</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="regexp"><code>Regexp</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">a = Regexp.new("orl")
|
||
a.match?("Hello World") #=> true
|
||
a.match?("Hello Regexp") #=> false
|
||
|
||
b = Regexp.new("😏")
|
||
b.match?("🤡 😏 😐") #=> true
|
||
b.match?("😝 😍 😊") #=> false
|
||
|
||
c = Regexp.new("居(ら(?=れ)|さ(?=せ)|る|ろ|れ(?=[ばる])|よ|(?=な[いかくけそ]|ま[しすせ]|そう|た|て))")
|
||
c.match?("居られればいいのに") #=> true
|
||
c.match?("居ずまいを正す") #=> false
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Using <code>/ /</code> is to be implemented.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Regexp.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Regexp.new("^aa$").methods</code></strong>: <code>==</code>, <code>match?</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="matchdata"><code>MatchData</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># numbered capture
|
||
'abcd'.match(Regexp.new('(b.)'))
|
||
#=> #<MatchData 0:"bc" 1:"bc">
|
||
|
||
# named capture
|
||
'abcd'.match(Regexp.new('a(?<first>b)(?<second>c)'))
|
||
#=> #<MatchData 0:"abc" first:"b" second:"c">
|
||
|
||
# converting to hash
|
||
» 'abcd'.match(Regexp.new('a(?<first>b)(?<second>c)')).to_h
|
||
#» { 0: "abc", first: "b", second: "c" }
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>The number keys in the captures are actually <code>String</code> class.The key <code>0</code> is the mached string.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>MatchData.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>'abcd'.match(Regexp.new('(b.)')).methods</code></strong>: <code>captures</code>, <code>length</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>to_a</code>, <code>to_h</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="file"><code>File</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">f = File.new("../test_fixtures/file_test/size.gb")
|
||
f.name #=> "../test_fixtures/file_test/size.gb"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>File.methods</code></strong>: <code>basename</code>, <code>chmod</code>, <code>delete</code>, <code>exist?</code>, <code>extname</code>, <code>join</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>File.new.methods</code></strong>: <code>basename</code>, <code>chmod</code>, <code>close</code>, <code>delete</code>, <code>exist?</code>, <code>extname</code>, <code>join</code>, <code>name</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="native-class-golang-oriented">Native class (Golang-oriented)</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="gomap"><code>GoMap</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">h = { foo: "bar" }
|
||
m = GoMap.new(h) # to pass values to Golang's code
|
||
h2 = m.to_hash
|
||
h2[:foo] #=> "bar"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>GoMap.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>GoMap.new.methods</code></strong>: <code>get</code>, <code>set</code>, <code>to_hash</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="channel"><code>Channel</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">c = Channel.new
|
||
|
||
1001.times do |i| # i start from 0 to 1000
|
||
thread do
|
||
c.deliver(i)
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
r = 0
|
||
1001.times do
|
||
r = r + c.receive
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
r #=> 500500
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>Channel</code> class is to hold channels to work with <code>#thread</code>. See <code>thread</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Channel.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Channel.new.methods</code></strong>: <code>close</code>, <code>deliver</code>, <code>new</code>, <code>receive</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="enumerator--lazy">Enumerator & lazy</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Pretty new experimental library.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="lazyenumerator"><code>LazyEnumerator</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby"># creating a lazy enumerator
|
||
enumerator = LazyEnumerator.new(ArrayEnumerator.new([1, 2, 3])) do |value|
|
||
2 * value
|
||
end
|
||
result = []
|
||
|
||
enumerator.each do |value|
|
||
result.push(value)
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
result #=> [2, 4, 6]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>A shorthand <code>#lazy</code> method is also provided in <code>Array</code> and <code>Range</code> by now. See “Tips & tricks” below.</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>LazyEnumerator.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>[1, 2].lazy</code></strong>: <code>each</code>, <code>first</code>, <code>has_next?</code>, <code>initialize</code>, <code>map</code>, <code>next</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="arrayenumerator"><code>ArrayEnumerator</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">iterated_values = []
|
||
|
||
enumerator = ArrayEnumerator.new([1, 2, 4])
|
||
|
||
while enumerator.has_next? do
|
||
iterated_values.push(enumerator.next)
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
iterated_values #=> [1, 2, 4]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>ArrayEnumerator.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>ArrayEnumerator.new([1, 2, 3]).methods</code></strong>: <code>has_next?</code>, <code>initialize</code>, <code>next</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="rangeenumerator"><code>RangeEnumerator</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">iterated_values = []
|
||
|
||
enumerator = RangeEnumerator.new((1..4))
|
||
|
||
while enumerator.has_next? do
|
||
iterated_values.push(enumerator.next)
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
iterated_values #=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>RangeEnumerator.methods</code></strong>: the same as <code>Class.methods</code></li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>RangeEnumerator.new(1..2).methods</code></strong>: <code>has_next?</code>, <code>initialize</code>, <code>next</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="special-class">Special class</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="boolean"><code>Boolean</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">true.class #=> Boolean
|
||
false.class #=> Boolean
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>A special class that just to hold <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>. Cannot be instantiate.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="null"><code>Null</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">nil.class #=> Null
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>A special class that just to hold <code>nil</code>. Cannot be instantiate.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="method"><code>Method</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>(A special dummy class that just holds methods defined by Goby code.)</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="diggable"><code>Diggable</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Provides <code>#dig</code> method. Currently. <code>Array</code> and <code>Hash</code> classes’ instance can be <code>Diggable</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">[1, 2].dig(0, 1) #=> TypeError: Expect target to be Diggable, got Integer
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="testing-framework">Testing framework</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="spec"><code>Spec</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">require "spec"
|
||
|
||
Spec.describe Spec do
|
||
it "fails and exit with code 1" do
|
||
expect(1).to eq(2)
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
Spec.run
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Spec.methods</code></strong>: <code>describe</code>, <code>describes</code>, <code>instance</code>, <code>run</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Object.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>Spec.new.methods</code></strong>: <code>describes</code>, <code>initialize</code>, <code>run</code>, <code>session_successful</code>, <code>session_successful=</code>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>the rest: <code>Hash.new.methods</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="tips--tricks">Tips & tricks</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="showing-methods">Showing methods</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">» "string".methods
|
||
#» ["!=", "*", "+", "<", "<=>", "==", "=~", ">", "[]", "[]=", "capitalize", "chop", "concat", "count", "delete", "downcase", "each_byte", "each_char", "each_line", "empty?", "end_with?", "eql?", "fmt", "include?", "insert", "length", "ljust", "match", "new", "replace", "replace_once", "reverse", "rjust", "size", "slice", "split", "start_with", "strip", "to_a", "to_bytes", "to_d", "to_f", "to_i", "to_s", "upcase", "!", "block_given?", "class", "exit", "instance_eval", "instance_variable_get", "instance_variable_set", "is_a?", "methods", "nil?", "object_id", "puts", "raise", "require", "require_relative", "send", "singleton_class", "sleep", "thread"]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="showing-class">Showing class</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">» "string".class
|
||
#» String
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="showing-singleton-class">Showing singleton class</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">» "moji".singleton_class
|
||
#» #<Class:#<String:842352325152>>
|
||
|
||
» "moji".class.singleton_class
|
||
#» #<Class:String>
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="showing-ancestors">Showing ancestors</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">» Integer.ancestors
|
||
#» [Integer, Object]
|
||
|
||
» "moji".class.ancestors
|
||
#» [String, Object]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="showing-singleton-classes-ancestors">Showing singleton classes’ ancestors</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">» "moji".class.singleton_class.ancestors
|
||
#» [#<Class:String>, #<Class:Object>, Class, Object]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="showing-objects-id">Showing object’s id</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">» "moji".object_id
|
||
#» 842352977920
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="to_json"><code>#to_json</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">h = { a: 1, b: [1, "2", [4, 5, nil]]}
|
||
h.to_json # converts hash to JSON
|
||
#=> {"a":1, "b":[1, "2", [4, 5, null]]}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="customize-to_json">Customize <code>#to_json</code></h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Overwrite the <code>#to_json</code> in your class:</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">class JobTitle
|
||
def initialize(name)
|
||
@name = name
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def to_json
|
||
{ title: @name }.to_json
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
class Person
|
||
def initialize(name, age)
|
||
@name = name
|
||
@age = age
|
||
@job = JobTitle.new("software engineer")
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
def to_json
|
||
{ name: @name, age: @age, job: @job }.to_json
|
||
end
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
stan = Person.new("Stan", 23)
|
||
h = { person: stan }
|
||
h.to_json #=> {"person":{"name":"Stan","job":{"title":"software engineer"},"age":23}}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="lazy-enumeration">Lazy enumeration</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>To avoid N + 1 query.</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-ruby">enumerator = [1, 2, 3].lazy.map do |value|
|
||
2 * value
|
||
end
|
||
result = []
|
||
|
||
enumerator.each do |value|
|
||
result.push(value)
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
result #=> [2, 4, 6]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>You can call <code>#lazy.map</code> on <code>Array</code>, <code>Range</code>, or <code>JSON</code> objects.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="styling">Styling</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="quick-style-guide">Quick style guide</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>UTF-8 should be used.</li>
|
||
<li>Only two spaces ` ` should be used for one indentation.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Tab cannot be used for indentation.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>For more, follow <a href="https://github.com/bbatsov/ruby-style-guide">RuboCop’s style guide</a> in principle.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="document-notation">Document notation</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>Class#instance_method</code> – use <code>#</code> to represent instance methods in documents</li>
|
||
<li><code>Class.class_method</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>Module.module_method</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="syntax-highlighting">Syntax highlighting</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Ready for Vim and Sublime text. You can also use Ruby’s syntax highlighting so far.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="official">Official</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Official site: <a href="https://goby-lang.org/">https://goby-lang.org/</a></li>
|
||
<li>Repository: <a href="https://github.com/goby-lang/goby/">https://github.com/goby-lang/goby/</a></li>
|
||
<li>DevHints: <a href="https://devhints.io/goby">https://devhints.io/goby</a> (this page)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="readings-for-goby-developers">Readings for Goby developers</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://interpreterbook.com/">Write an Interpreter in Go</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/nand2tetris2/home/welcome">Nand2Tetris II</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="http://patshaughnessy.net/ruby-under-a-microscope">Ruby under a microscope</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="http://www.atdot.net/yarv/insnstbl.html">YARV’s instruction table</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="jp-resource">JP resource</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://techracho.bpsinc.jp/hachi8833/2017_11_10/47787">Goby: Rubyライクな言語（1）Gobyを動かしてみる</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://qiita.com/hanachin_/items/efc1c976a4f5749514ef">Gobyの組み込みクラスにメソッドを追加する方法</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</main>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class='pre-footer' data-js-no-preview><i class='icon'></i></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<section class='comments-area' id='comments' data-js-no-preview>
|
||
<div class='container'>
|
||
<details class='comments-details'>
|
||
<summary>
|
||
<strong class='count'>
|
||
<span class='disqus-comment-count' data-disqus-identifier="goby" data-disqus-url='https://devhints.io/goby'>0 Comments</span>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
<span class='suffix'>for this cheatsheet.</span>
|
||
<span class='fauxlink'>Write yours!</span>
|
||
</summary>
|
||
<div class='comments-section'>
|
||
<div class='comments'>
|
||
<div id='disqus_thread'></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</details>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<noscript data-js-disqus='{"host":"devhints.disqus.com","url":"https://devhints.io/goby","identifier":"goby"}'></noscript>
|
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