1040 lines
62 KiB
HTML
1040 lines
62 KiB
HTML
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<html class='NoJs' lang='en'><head>
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<meta charset='utf-8'>
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<title>Go cheatsheet</title>
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<meta content="The one-page guide to Go: usage, examples, links, snippets, and more." name="description">
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<meta content="The one-page guide to Go: usage, examples, links, snippets, and more." property="twitter:description">
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<meta content='Devhints.io cheatsheets' property='og:site_name'>
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<meta content='C-like' property='article:section'>
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<li class="twitter link hint--bottom" data-hint="Share on Twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=The%20ultimate%20cheatsheet%20for%20Go.%20https://devhints.io/go.html" target="share"><span class="text"></span></a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class='page-actions'>
|
||
<li class='link github -button hint--bottom' data-hint='Edit this page on GitHub'>
|
||
<a href='https://github.com/rstacruz/cheatsheets/blob/master/go.md'>
|
||
<span class='text -visible'>Edit</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class='body-area'>
|
||
<header class='main-heading -center' role='banner'>
|
||
<h1 class='h1'>Go <em>cheatsheet</em></h1>
|
||
|
||
<div class='pubbox' data-js-no-preview>
|
||
|
||
<div class='HeadlinePub' role='complementary'>
|
||
<script async src='https://pubsrv.devhints.io/carbon.js?serve=CE7IK5QM&placement=devhintsio' id="_carbonads_js"></script>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -one'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -two'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -three'></span>
|
||
<span class='placeholder -four'></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<main class='post-content MarkdownBody' data-js-main-body data-js-anchors role='main'>
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="getting-started">Getting started</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="-intro" id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://tour.golang.org/welcome/1">A tour of Go</a> <em>(tour.golang.org)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://repl.it/languages/go">Go repl</a> <em>(repl.it)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/">Golang wiki</a> <em>(github.com)</em></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="-prime" id="hello-world">Hello world</h3>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="-file" id="hellogo">hello.go</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">package main
|
||
|
||
import "fmt"
|
||
|
||
func main() {
|
||
message := greetMe("world")
|
||
fmt.Println(message)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
func greetMe(name string) string {
|
||
return "Hello, " + name + "!"
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">$ go build
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Or try it out in the <a href="https://repl.it/languages/go">Go repl</a>, or <a href="https://tour.golang.org/welcome/1">A Tour of Go</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="variables">Variables</h3>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="variable-declaration">Variable declaration</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">var msg string
|
||
var msg = "Hello, world!"
|
||
var msg string = "Hello, world!"
|
||
var x, y int
|
||
var x, y int = 1, 2
|
||
var x, msg = 1, "Hello, world!"
|
||
msg = "Hello"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="declaration-list">Declaration list</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">var (
|
||
x int
|
||
y = 20
|
||
z int = 30
|
||
d, e = 40, "Hello"
|
||
f, g string
|
||
)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="shortcut-of-above-infers-type">Shortcut of above (Infers type)</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">msg := "Hello"
|
||
x, msg := 1, "Hello"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="constants">Constants</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">const Phi = 1.618
|
||
const Size int64 = 1024
|
||
const x, y = 1, 2
|
||
const (
|
||
Pi = 3.14
|
||
E = 2.718
|
||
)
|
||
const (
|
||
Sunday = iota
|
||
Monday
|
||
Tuesday
|
||
Wednesday
|
||
Thursday
|
||
Friday
|
||
Saturday
|
||
)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Constants can be character, string, boolean, or numeric values.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/basics/15">Constants</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="basic-types">Basic types</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="strings">Strings</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">str := "Hello"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">str := `Multiline
|
||
string`
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Strings are of type <code>string</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="numbers">Numbers</h3>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="typical-types">Typical types</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">num := 3 // int
|
||
num := 3. // float64
|
||
num := 3 + 4i // complex128
|
||
num := byte('a') // byte (alias for uint8)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="other-types">Other types</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">var u uint = 7 // uint (unsigned)
|
||
var p float32 = 22.7 // 32-bit float
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="arrays">Arrays</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">// var numbers [5]int
|
||
numbers := [...]int{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Arrays have a fixed size.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="slices">Slices</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">slice := []int{2, 3, 4}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">slice := []byte("Hello")
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Slices have a dynamic size, unlike arrays.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="pointers">Pointers</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-go">func main () {
|
||
b := *getPointer()
|
||
fmt.Println("Value is", b)
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="3"><code class="language-go">func getPointer () (myPointer *int) {
|
||
a := 234
|
||
return &a
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-go">a := new(int)
|
||
*a = 234
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Pointers point to a memory location of a variable. Go is fully garbage-collected.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/moretypes/1">Pointers</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="type-conversions">Type conversions</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">i := 2
|
||
f := float64(i)
|
||
u := uint(i)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/basics/13">Type conversions</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="flow-control">Flow control</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="conditional">Conditional</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1,3,5"><code class="language-go">if day == "sunday" || day == "saturday" {
|
||
rest()
|
||
} else if day == "monday" && isTired() {
|
||
groan()
|
||
} else {
|
||
work()
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/flowcontrol/5">If</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="statements-in-if">Statements in if</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1"><code class="language-go">if _, err := doThing(); err != nil {
|
||
fmt.Println("Uh oh")
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>A condition in an <code>if</code> statement can be preceded with a statement before a <code>;</code>. Variables declared by the statement are only in scope until the end of the <code>if</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/flowcontrol/6">If with a short statement</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="switch">Switch</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">switch day {
|
||
case "sunday":
|
||
// cases don't "fall through" by default!
|
||
fallthrough
|
||
|
||
case "saturday":
|
||
rest()
|
||
|
||
default:
|
||
work()
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Switch">Switch</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="for-loop">For loop</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">for count := 0; count <= 10; count++ {
|
||
fmt.Println("My counter is at", count)
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/flowcontrol/1">For loops</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="for-range-loop">For-Range loop</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">entry := []string{"Jack","John","Jones"}
|
||
for i, val := range entry {
|
||
fmt.Printf("At position %d, the character %s is present\n", i, val)
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://gobyexample.com/range">For-Range loops</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="while-loop">While loop</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">n := 0
|
||
x := 42
|
||
for n != x {
|
||
n := guess()
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/flowcontrol/3">Go’s “while”</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="functions">Functions</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="lambdas">Lambdas</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1"><code class="language-go">myfunc := func() bool {
|
||
return x > 10000
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Functions are first class objects.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="multiple-return-types">Multiple return types</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">a, b := getMessage()
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-go">func getMessage() (a string, b string) {
|
||
return "Hello", "World"
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="named-return-values">Named return values</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="4"><code class="language-go">func split(sum int) (x, y int) {
|
||
x = sum * 4 / 9
|
||
y = sum - x
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>By defining the return value names in the signature, a <code>return</code> (no args) will return variables with those names.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/basics/7">Named return values</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="packages">Packages</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="importing">Importing</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">import "fmt"
|
||
import "math/rand"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">import (
|
||
"fmt" // gives fmt.Println
|
||
"math/rand" // gives rand.Intn
|
||
)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Both are the same.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/basics/1">Importing</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="aliases">Aliases</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1"><code class="language-go">import r "math/rand"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">r.Intn()
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="exporting-names">Exporting names</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">func Hello () {
|
||
···
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Exported names begin with capital letters.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/basics/3">Exported names</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="packages-1">Packages</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">package hello
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Every package file has to start with <code>package</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="concurrency">Concurrency</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="goroutines">Goroutines</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="3,6,7,8,13"><code class="language-go">func main() {
|
||
// A "channel"
|
||
ch := make(chan string)
|
||
|
||
// Start concurrent routines
|
||
go push("Moe", ch)
|
||
go push("Larry", ch)
|
||
go push("Curly", ch)
|
||
|
||
// Read 3 results
|
||
// (Since our goroutines are concurrent,
|
||
// the order isn't guaranteed!)
|
||
fmt.Println(<-ch, <-ch, <-ch)
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="3"><code class="language-go">func push(name string, ch chan string) {
|
||
msg := "Hey, " + name
|
||
ch <- msg
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Channels are concurrency-safe communication objects, used in goroutines.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/concurrency/1">Goroutines</a>, <a href="https://tour.golang.org/concurrency/2">Channels</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="buffered-channels">Buffered channels</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1"><code class="language-go">ch := make(chan int, 2)
|
||
ch <- 1
|
||
ch <- 2
|
||
ch <- 3
|
||
// fatal error:
|
||
// all goroutines are asleep - deadlock!
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Buffered channels limit the amount of messages it can keep.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/concurrency/3">Buffered channels</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="closing-channels">Closing channels</h3>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="closes-a-channel">Closes a channel</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="4"><code class="language-go">ch <- 1
|
||
ch <- 2
|
||
ch <- 3
|
||
close(ch)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="iterates-across-a-channel-until-its-closed">Iterates across a channel until its closed</h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1"><code class="language-go">for i := range ch {
|
||
···
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h4 id="closed-if-ok--false">Closed if <code>ok == false</code></h4>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">v, ok := <- ch
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/concurrency/4">Range and close</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="waitgroup">WaitGroup</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1,4,8,12"><code class="language-go">import "sync"
|
||
|
||
func main() {
|
||
var wg sync.WaitGroup
|
||
|
||
for _, item := range itemList {
|
||
// Increment WaitGroup Counter
|
||
wg.Add(1)
|
||
go doOperation(&wg, item)
|
||
}
|
||
// Wait for goroutines to finish
|
||
wg.Wait()
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-go">func doOperation(wg *sync.WaitGroup, item string) {
|
||
defer wg.Done()
|
||
// do operation on item
|
||
// ...
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>A WaitGroup waits for a collection of goroutines to finish. The main goroutine calls Add to set the number of goroutines to wait for. The goroutine calls <code>wg.Done()</code> when it finishes.
|
||
See: <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/sync/#WaitGroup">WaitGroup</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="error-control">Error control</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="defer">Defer</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2"><code class="language-go">func main() {
|
||
defer fmt.Println("Done")
|
||
fmt.Println("Working...")
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Defers running a function until the surrounding function returns.
|
||
The arguments are evaluated immediately, but the function call is not ran until later.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://blog.golang.org/defer-panic-and-recover">Defer, panic and recover</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="deferring-functions">Deferring functions</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="2,3,4"><code class="language-go">func main() {
|
||
defer func() {
|
||
fmt.Println("Done")
|
||
}()
|
||
fmt.Println("Working...")
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Lambdas are better suited for defer blocks.</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="3,4,5"><code class="language-go">func main() {
|
||
var d = int64(0)
|
||
defer func(d *int64) {
|
||
fmt.Printf("& %v Unix Sec\n", *d)
|
||
}(&d)
|
||
fmt.Print("Done ")
|
||
d = time.Now().Unix()
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>The defer func uses current value of d, unless we use a pointer to get final value at end of main.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="-three-column" id="structs">Structs</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="defining">Defining</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1,2,3,4"><code class="language-go">type Vertex struct {
|
||
X int
|
||
Y int
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">func main() {
|
||
v := Vertex{1, 2}
|
||
v.X = 4
|
||
fmt.Println(v.X, v.Y)
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/moretypes/2">Structs</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="literals">Literals</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">v := Vertex{X: 1, Y: 2}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">// Field names can be omitted
|
||
v := Vertex{1, 2}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">// Y is implicit
|
||
v := Vertex{X: 1}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>You can also put field names.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="pointers-to-structs">Pointers to structs</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">v := &Vertex{1, 2}
|
||
v.X = 2
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Doing <code>v.X</code> is the same as doing <code>(*v).X</code>, when <code>v</code> is a pointer.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="methods">Methods</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="receivers">Receivers</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">type Vertex struct {
|
||
X, Y float64
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1"><code class="language-go">func (v Vertex) Abs() float64 {
|
||
return math.Sqrt(v.X * v.X + v.Y * v.Y)
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">v := Vertex{1, 2}
|
||
v.Abs()
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>There are no classes, but you can define functions with <em>receivers</em>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/methods/1">Methods</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="mutation">Mutation</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre data-line="1"><code class="language-go">func (v *Vertex) Scale(f float64) {
|
||
v.X = v.X * f
|
||
v.Y = v.Y * f
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">v := Vertex{6, 12}
|
||
v.Scale(0.5)
|
||
// `v` is updated
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>By defining your receiver as a pointer (<code>*Vertex</code>), you can do mutations.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/methods/4">Pointer receivers</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="interfaces">Interfaces</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="a-basic-interface">A basic interface</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">type Shape interface {
|
||
Area() float64
|
||
Perimeter() float64
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="struct">Struct</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">type Rectangle struct {
|
||
Length, Width float64
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Struct <code>Rectangle</code> implicitly implements interface <code>Shape</code> by implementing all of its methods.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="methods-1">Methods</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">func (r Rectangle) Area() float64 {
|
||
return r.Length * r.Width
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
func (r Rectangle) Perimeter() float64 {
|
||
return 2 * (r.Length + r.Width)
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>The methods defined in <code>Shape</code> are implemented in <code>Rectangle</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="interface-example">Interface example</h3>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code class="language-go">func main() {
|
||
var r Shape = Rectangle{Length: 3, Width: 4}
|
||
fmt.Printf("Type of r: %T, Area: %v, Perimeter: %v.", r, r.Area(), r.Perimeter())
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="-intro" id="official-resources">Official resources</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://tour.golang.org/welcome/1">A tour of Go</a> <em>(tour.golang.org)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/">Golang wiki</a> <em>(github.com)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> <em>(golang.org)</em></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="-intro" id="other-links">Other links</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://gobyexample.com/">Go by Example</a> <em>(gobyexample.com)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://awesome-go.com/">Awesome Go</a> <em>(awesome-go.com)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_BzFbxG2za3bp5NRRRXJSw">JustForFunc Youtube</a> <em>(youtube.com)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/CodeReviewComments">Style Guide</a> <em>(github.com)</em></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
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</main>
|
||
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<abbr class='attribute-peg -new-layout hint--bottom' data-hint='New layout!'><span></span></abbr>
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