Kotlin is a statically typed programming language for modern multiplatform applications.

## Variables

### Mutability

    var mutableString: String = "Adam"
    val immutableString: String = "Adam"
    val inferredString = "Adam"

### Strings

    val name = "Adam"
    val greeting = "Hello, " + name
    val greetingTemplate = "Hello, $name"
    val interpolated = "Hello, ${name.toUpperCase()}"

### Numbers

    val intNum = 10
    val doubleNum = 10.0
    val longNum = 10L
    val floatNum = 10.0F

### Booleans

    val trueBoolean = true
    val falseBoolean = false
    val andCondition = trueBoolean && falseBoolean
    val orCondition = trueBoolean || falseBoolean

### Static Fields

    class Person {
        companion object {
            val NAME_KEY = "name_key"
        }
    }

    val key = Person.NAME_KEY

## Null Safety

### Nullable properties

    val cannotBeNull: String = null // Invalid
    val canBeNull: String? = null // Valid

    val cannotBeNull: Int = null // Invalid
    val canBeNull: Int? = null // Valid

### Checking for null

    val name: String? = "Adam"

    if (name != null && name.length > 0) {
        print("String length is ${name.length}")
    } else {
        print("String is empty.")
    }

### Safe Operator

    val nullableStringLength: Int? = nullableString?.length
    val nullableDepartmentHead: String? = person?.department?.head?.name

### Elvis Operator

    val nonNullStringLength: Int = nullableString?.length ?: 0
    val nonNullDepartmentHead: String = person?.department?.head?.name ?: ""
    val nonNullDepartmentHead: String = person?.department?.head?.name.orEmpty()

### Safe Casts

    // Will not throw ClassCastException
    val nullableCar: Car? = (input as? Car)

## Collections

### Creation

    val numArray = arrayOf(1, 2, 3)
    val numList = listOf(1, 2, 3)
    val mutableNumList = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3)

### Accessing

    val firstItem = numList[0]
    val firstItem = numList.first()
    val firstItem = numList.firstOrNull()

### Maps

    val faceCards = mutableMapOf("Jack" to 11, "Queen" to 12, "King" to 13)
    val jackValue = faceCards["Jack"] // 11
    faceCards["Ace"] = 1

### Mutability

    val immutableList = listOf(1, 2, 3)
    val mutableList = immutableList.toMutableList()

    val immutableMap = mapOf("Jack" to 11, "Queen" to 12, "King" to 13)
    val mutableMap = immutableMap.toMutableMap()

### Iterating

    for (item in myList) {
        print(item)
    }

    myList.forEach {
        print(it)
    }

    myList.forEachIndexed { index, item ->
        print("Item at $index is: $item")
    }

### Filtering & Searching

    val evenNumbers = numList.filter { it % 2 == 0 }
    val containsEven = numList.any { it % 2 == 0 }
    val containsNoEvens = numList.none { it % 2 == 0 }
    val containsNoEvens = numList.all { it % 2 == 1 }
    val firstEvenNumber: Int = numList.first { it % 2 == 0 }
    val firstEvenOrNull: Int? = numList.firstOrNull { it % 2 == 0 }

Note: `it` is the implicit name for a single parameter.

## Functions

### Parameters & Return Types

    fun printName() {
        print("Adam")
    }

    fun printName(person: Person) {
        print(person.name)
    }

    fun getGreeting(person: Person): String {
        return "Hello, ${person.name}"
    }

    fun getGreeting(person: Person): String = "Hello, ${person.name}"
    fun getGreeting(person: Person) = "Hello, ${person.name}"

### Higher Order Functions

    fun callbackIfTrue(condition: Boolean, callback: () -> Unit) {
        if (condition) {
            callback()
        }
    }

    callbackIfTrue(someBoolean) {
        print("Condition was true")
    }

### Extension Functions

    fun Int.timesTwo(): Int {
        return this * 2
    }

    val four = 2.timesTwo()

### Default Parameters

    fun getGreeting(person: Person, intro: String = "Hello,") {
        return "$intro ${person.name}"
    }

    // Returns "Hello, Adam"
    val hello = getGreeting(Person("Adam"))

    // Returns "Welcome, Adam"
    val welcome = getGreeting(Person("Adam"), "Welcome,")

### Named Parameters

    class Person(val name: String = "", age: Int = 0)

    // All valid
    val person = Person()
    val person = Person("Adam", 100)
    val person = Person(name = "Adam", age = 100)
    val person = Person(age = 100)
    val person = Person(age = 100, name = "Adam")

### Static Functions

    class Fragment(val args: Bundle) {
        companion object {
            fun newInstance(args: Bundle): Fragment {
                return Fragment(args)
            }
        }
    }

    val fragment = Fragment.newInstance(args)

- Companion Objects

## Classes

### Primary Constructor

    class Person(val name: String, val age: Int)
    val adam = Person("Adam", 100)

### Secondary Constructors

    class Person(val name: String) {
        private var age: Int? = null

        constructor(name: String, age: Int) : this(name) {
            this.age = age
        }
    }

    // Above can be replaced with default params
    class Person(val name: String, val age: Int? = null)

### Inheritance & Implementation

    open class Vehicle
    class Car : Vehicle()

    interface Runner {
        fun run()
    }

    class Machine : Runner {
        override fun run() {
            // ...
        }
    }

## Control Flow

### If Statements

    if (someBoolean) {
        doThing()
    } else {
        doOtherThing()
    }

### For Loops

    for (i in 0..10) { } // 1 - 10
    for (i in 0 until 10) // 1 - 9
    (0..10).forEach { }
    for (i in 0 until 10 step 2) // 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

### When Statements

    when (direction) {
        NORTH -> {
            print("North")
        }
        SOUTH -> print("South")
        EAST, WEST -> print("East or West")
        "N/A" -> print("Unavailable")
        else -> print("Invalid Direction")
    }

### While Loops

    while (x > 0) {
        x--
    }

    do {
        x--
    } while (x > 0)

## Destructuring Declarations

### Objects & Lists

    val person = Person("Adam", 100)
    val (name, age) = person

    val pair = Pair(1, 2)
    val (first, second) = pair

    val coordinates = arrayOf(1, 2, 3)
    val (x, y, z) = coordinates

### ComponentN Functions

    class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {
    	operator fun component1(): String {
    		return name
    	}

    	operator fun component2(): Int {
    		return age
    	}
    }

## References

- Defining Variables (kotlinlang.org)
- Strings Documentation (kotlinlang.org)
- String Templates (kotlinlang.org)
- Basic Types (kotlinlang.org)
- Companion Objects (kotlinlang.org)
- Null Safety (kotlinlang.org)
- Collections Overview (kotlinlang.org)
- Collections Documentation (kotlinlang.org)
- Functions Documentation (kotlinlang.org)
- Classes Documentation (kotlinlang.org)
- Destructuring Declarations (kotlinlang.org)

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